语法课程 8
min de lecture
英语被动语态：TOEIC® 完整指南
掌握 TOEIC® 被动语态：各种时态的构成、主动与被动对比，以及商务英语中的常见陷阱。
Par Justin DE SIO •
GrammarPassive VoiceTOEICEnglish
什么是被动语态？
被动语态强调的是动作本身或它的结果，而不是执行动作的人。在职场英语和 TOEIC® 考试中，它无处不在，常见于报告、公告、公司政策和正式邮件。
主动语态： The manager approved the budget.
被动语态： The budget was approved (by the manager).
构成：be + 过去分词
| 时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|---|
| Present simple | They deliver the goods. | The goods are delivered. |
| Past simple | They delivered the goods. | The goods were delivered. |
| Present perfect | They have delivered the goods. | The goods have been delivered. |
| Future (will) | They will deliver the goods. | The goods will be delivered. |
| Present continuous | They are delivering the goods. | The goods are being delivered. |
| Past continuous | They were delivering the goods. | The goods were being delivered. |
与情态动词搭配的被动语态
结构：情态动词 + be + 过去分词。在表示指示和职场义务时，TOEIC® 里非常常见。
| 情态动词 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|---|
| can | You can download the file. | The file can be downloaded. |
| must | You must submit the form. | The form must be submitted. |
| should | You should review the report. | The report should be reviewed. |
| will | They will send the invoice. | The invoice will be sent. |
| may | They may cancel the event. | The event may be cancelled. |
被动不定式与被动动名词
| 形式 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 被动不定式 | to be + 过去分词 | The report needs to be finished by Friday. |
| 被动动名词 | being + 过去分词 | She doesn't like being interrupted. |
| 完成被动 | having been + 过去分词 | Having been promoted, she moved to a new office. |
什么时候使用或省略 "by"
| 情况 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 施动者重要 → 保留 by | The contract was signed by the CEO. |
| 施动者显而易见 → 省略 by | The suspect was arrested.（显然是警方所为） |
| 施动者未知 → 省略 by | My car was stolen last night. |
| 施动者泛指 → 省略 by | English is spoken worldwide. |
TOEIC® 常见陷阱
在主动语态和被动语态之间做选择，是 TOEIC Part 5 中考查最多的考点之一。以下是最常见的错误。
- 主动/被动混淆：主语是执行动作（主动）还是承受动作（被动）？ The report was written（被动）对比 She wrote the report （主动）
- 被动语态时态错误：be 的时态必须与句子的时间背景一致
- 缺少过去分词：不要说 *The report was submit，要用 The report was submitted
- 不及物动词的被动：不及物动词（happen、arrive、exist）不能变成被动语态
- being 与 been：is being done（进行时）对比 has been done （完成时）。不要把两者搞混
- by 与 with：by 用于施动者（人）， with 用于工具：written by the manager with a pen
备考建议
- 确定主语：它是执行动作还是承受动作？这是选择主动还是被动的关键
- 背熟不规则过去分词：written、sent、made、given、taken 等等。
- 留意正式语境：公告、备忘录和政策常常使用被动语态
- 多练 Part 5 和 Part 6：主动/被动的选择在那里非常常见。用我们的 免费 TOEIC 练习题来检验你的水平
想要一套完整的复习方法，请查看我们的 TOEIC 备考指南。
常见问题
当动作比执行者更重要时、当执行者未知或不言自明时，或者在正式语体中，你就会用到被动语态。在 TOEIC® 里，它在报告、公告和公司政策中非常常见。
被动语态由 be + 过去分词构成。be 的时态决定了整句被动句的时态：is done（一般现在时）、was done（一般过去时）、has been done（现在完成时）等等。
不一定。只有当施动者（即执行动作的人）重要或能提供有用信息时，你才使用 by。如果施动者显而易见、未知或无关紧要，就把它省略：The report was submitted（无需知道是谁提交的）。
非常常见。它出现在 Part 5（在主动和被动形式之间做选择）、Part 6（填空补全短文）以及 Part 7 的篇章里（公告、备忘录、商务邮件）。
可以。结构是 情态动词 + be + 过去分词：can be done、must be submitted、should be reviewed、will be sent。这在 TOEIC® 里非常常见。
和 990prep 一起掌握被动语态
被动语态在 TOEIC® 里无处不在，尤其是在商务语境中。用 990prep 的练习来训练，准确识别并正确使用它。
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